Given the significant morbidity and mortality associated with bacterial meningitis. Diagnosis, initial management, and prevention of meningitis david m. Results of the bm surveillance in cuba are presented in this paper. The epidemiology of meningitis in canada has been influenced dramatically by universal immunization programs delivering conjugate vaccines for haemophilus influenzae type b hib, neisseria meningitidis and streptococcus pneumoniae. Nosocomial bacterial meningitis is most often related to either complicated head trauma or invasive procedures, such as craniotomy, placement of ventricular catheters, intrathecal infusion of medic. Meningitis is an infection of the meninges, the membrane covering the brain. Meningitis, inflammation of the meninges, the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.
In february 2015, reference to throat swabs was removed. Epidemiology, diagnosis, and antimicrobial treatment of. Community acquired bacterial meningitis bm remains a serious threat to global health. Diagnostico etiologico en meningitis y encefalitis por. Introduction bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency, and immediate steps must be taken to establish the specific cause and initiate effective therapy. Meningococcal meningitis is a bacterial form of meningitis, a serious infection of the thin lining that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. The image below depicts acute bacterial meningitis. Jun 23, 2010 this guideline covers recognising, diagnosing and managing bacterial meningitis and meningococcal septicaemia blood poisoning in babies, children and young people under 16.
It is a serious condition that can be life threatening. Over the past several decades, the incidence of bacterial meningitis in children has decreased but there remains a significant burden of disease in adults, with a mortality of up to 30%. Pdf on jun 1, 2014, maria teresa rosanova and others published meningitis find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. This axial nonenhanced computed tomography scan shows mild ventriculomegaly and sulcal effacement. Scribd is the worlds largest social reading and publishing site. Meningitis bacteriana meningitis especialidades medicas. Although meningitis is a notifiable disease in many countries, the exact incidence rate is unknown. Guidelines for the management of suspected and confirmed. Management of bacterial meningitis clinical practice guideline local protocols are in place in all hospitals and facilities likely to be required to assess or manage paediatric patients with bacterial meningitis ensure that all staff treating paediatric patients are educated in the use of the locally developed paediatric protocols. Listeria monocytogenes meningitis in an immunocompetent adult. The mortality rate of untreated disease due to streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae approaches 100 percent, and even with optimal therapy, it is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Patients with bacterial meningitis are usually treated by primary care and emergency medicine physicians at the time of initial presentation, often in consultation with infectious diseases specialists, neurologists, and neurosurgeons. It aims to reduce deaths and disability by promoting early recognition of symptoms and timely effective management. Meningococcal meningitis is an acute form of bacterial meningitis caused by neisseria meningitidis.
Attributes of good guidelines include validity, reliability, reproducibility, clinical applicability, clinical flexibility, clarity, multidisciplinary process. In 2010 it was estimated that meningitis resulted in 420,000 deaths, excluding cryptococcal meningitis. Meningitis bacteriana aguda revista medica clinica las. Diagnosis, initial management, and prevention of meningitis. It can be caused by a variety of organisms that include bacteria, fungi or viruses. Naegleria fowleri is a freeliving ameba a singlecelled living organism that is too small to be seen without a microscope. Although the pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis is not completely understood, knowledge of bacterial invasion and entry into the cns is improving. Streptococcus pneumoniae incidence fell from 08 per 100 000 people in 1997, to 03 per 100 000 people by the end of 2010 rr 03737, 95% ci 0182507656. A quick reference guide for health authorities and healthcare workers what is epidemic meningitis. Meningococcal meningitis world health organization. Meningococcal meningitis is a bacterial form of meningitis.
Practice guidelines are systematically developed statements to assist practitioners and patients in making decisions about appropriate health care for specific clinical circumstances. Meningitis bacteriana in the 86 th legislature, hb 3884 required dshs to create procedures for school districts to provide information relating to bacterial meningitis. Nov 01, 2004 the objective of these practice guidelines is to provide clinicians with recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial meningitis. Bacterial meningitis can be caused by multiple organisms. Bacterial meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, including the pia, arachnoid, and subarachnoid space, that occurs in response to infection with bacteria andor bacterial products. Clinical features alone cannot determine whether meningitis. The objective of these practice guidelines is to provide clinicians with recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial meningitis.
In 20 meningitis resulted in 303,000 deaths down from 464,000 deaths in 1990. Meningitis can be caused by various infectious agents, including viruses, fungi, and protozoans, but bacteria produce the most lifethreatening forms. Communityacquired bacterial meningitis in adults nejm. Summary the epidemiology of bacterial meningitis has changed as a result of the widespread use of conjugate vaccines and preventive antimicrobial treatment of pregnant women. It can be treated with appropriate antibiotics that also prevents spread. Jul 16, 2019 meningitis is a clinical syndrome characterized by inflammation of the meninges.
This guideline covers recognising, diagnosing and managing bacterial meningitis and meningococcal septicaemia blood poisoning in babies, children and young people under 16. Meningitis is an acute inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges. Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. Clinical practice guideline summary clinical practice guidelines for the acute management of infants and children with bacterial meningitis. Bacterial meningitis is very serious because its onset is rapid and the infection is associated with a significant risk of death. Meningitis bacteriana pediatria meningitis inflamacion. Early antibiotic treatment is the most important measure to save. Duration of symptoms and outcome in bacterial meningitis. The most common symptoms are fever, headache, and neck.